Effect of banana intake on serum potassium level in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of banana intake during hemodialysis on serum potassium levels in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: This study was a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted from September 15 to December 15, 2021, at a tertiary hospital in southern China. A total of 126 MHD patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 64) or the control group (n = 62). Patients in the intervention group consumed approximately 250 g of bananas during hemodialysis, while those in the control group did not consume any food during hemodialysis. Demographic information and hemodialysis-related parameters were collected through case information collection before hemodialysis. Laboratory indicators (such as complete blood count, biochemical indicators, inflammation markers, liver function, kidney function, etc.) were evaluated by collecting pre-hemodialysis blood samples from patients. Serum potassium and blood glucose levels were measured at 2 h and 4 h of hemodialysis, as well as before the next hemodialysis session, and hemodialysis-related complications were recorded. The blood potassium and blood glucose indicators during hemodialysis were compared using repeated measures analysis. Results: A total of 122 MHD patients completed the study (61 in each group). The results showed that there was no significant interaction between group and time on serum potassium levels. However, serum potassium levels in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group at 2 h (3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and 4 h (3.5 ± 0.4 mmol/L vs. 3.3 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < 0.01) of hemodialysis. There was no interaction between group and time on blood glucose levels. The incidence of arrhythmias (8.2% vs. 29.5%, P = 0.003) and hypokalemia (52.5% vs. 80.3%, P = 0.002) during hemodialysis was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Consuming approximately 250 g of bananas at the start of hemodialysis does not lead to hyperkalemia. It can effectively reduce the incidence of hypokalemia and arrhythmias, and prevent a rapid decline in serum potassium levels during hemodialysis.

Morphologic and Functional Assessment of Photoreceptors in Laser Induced Retinopathy Using Adaptive Optics-SLO and Microperimetry.

PURPOSE: To assess the cone photoreceptors morphology and associated retinal sensitivity in laser-induced retinopathy (LIR) using adaptive optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) and microperimetry (MP). DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: This study included 13 patients (15 eyes) with LIR and 38 age-matched healthy volunteers (38 eyes). Participants underwent comprehensive evaluations including AO-SLO, MP, and spectral-domain OCT. Lesion morphology, cone density, dispersion and regularity in AO-SLO were assessed and correlated with visual function. RESULTS: In AO-SLO images, LIR lesions were predominantly characterized by hyporeflective regions, suggesting potential cone loss at the fovea, accompanied by the presence of sizable clumps of hyperreflective material within these lesions. The average size of lesions in affected eyes was 97,128±107,478µm², ranging from 6,705 to 673,348µm². Compared to the healthy contralateral eye and control group, LIR demonstrated significantly reduced cone density, increased cone dispersion, and notably decreased cone regularity in all four quadrants at 3° eccentricity (all P values <0.05). Lesion morphology in AO-SLO correlated with EZ defects observed in OCT, showing a positive correlation in size (r = 0.84, P<0.001) but not with retinal sensitivities (P = 0.09). Similarly, cone density at 3° eccentricity did not correlate with retinal sensitivities (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The study provides crucial insights into the morphological and functional impacts of LIR on cone photoreceptors, revealing significant morphological changes in cones that do not consistently align with functional outcomes. This research highlights the need for continued exploration into the relationship between retinal structure and function in LIR, and the importance of heightened public awareness and preventive strategies to mitigate the risk of LIR.

Divergent Synthesis of α-(1,3,5-Triazinylthio)-ketones and Thiazolo[3,2-a][1,3,5]triazines from 1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds or Chalcones with 1,3,5-Triazine-2-thiols.

An efficient synthesis of α-(1,3,5-triazinylthio)-ketones from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with 1,3,5-triazine-2-thiols has been developed. The reaction proceeds through the C-C bond cleavage and C-S bond reconstruction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and ß-keto esters, ß-keto amides, and 1,3-diones were tolerated. In addition, the annulation of 1,3,5-triazine-2-thiols with chalcones has been achieved for the synthesis of thiazolo[3,2-a][1,3,5]triazines. The method occurred in moderate to good yields and tolerated chalcone with a broad functional group.

Up-to-date molecular medicine strategies for management of ocular surface neovascularization.

Ocular surface neovascularization and its resulting pathological changes significantly alter corneal refraction and obstruct the light path to the retina, and hence is a major cause of vision loss. Various factors such as infection, irritation, trauma, dry eye, and ocular surface surgery trigger neovascularization via angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis dependent on VEGF-related and alternative mechanisms. Recent advances in antiangiogenic drugs, nanotechnology, gene therapy, surgical equipment and techniques, animal models, and drug delivery strategies have provided a range of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of ocular surface neovascularization. In this review article, we comprehensively discuss the etiology and mechanisms of corneal neovascularization and other types of ocular surface neovascularization, as well as emerging animal models and drug delivery strategies that facilitate its management.

Integration of Gross Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology in a Pre-matriculation Curriculum: A Triple-Discipline Approach.

In recent years, many schools have cut back on their teaching and laboratory hours, and courses in the anatomical sciences are more integrated into the horizontal and longitudinal curriculums. Traditionally, teaching in anatomical science classes consists of lectures and laboratory sessions. Usually, gross anatomy and histology are the two main courses in pre-matriculation programs. The summer pre-matriculation program at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) was designed to better prepare students for success in their first year of medicine and dentistry. The course provided these students with an opportunity to study gross anatomy and histology ahead of time and develop their learning skills for the coming academic year. Historically, gross anatomy and histology courses have been taught separately with a different emphasis. We have designed a new approach to implement gross anatomy, histology, and pathology-all three disciplines-in a single lecture in the organ section of the histology course. This triple-discipline (triple lecture) approach allows three professors in anatomy, histology, and pathology to work together in a two-and-a-half-hour review lecture. This approach allows students to develop their critical thinking skills and better prepares them to transfer basic anatomic knowledge into their future clinical practice. Students indicated this was their first experience with the triple-discipline approach, and they remarked that it helped them integrate anatomy and histology as well as demonstrate the clinical importance of the structures and organs. This approach can be used at different stages of medical education and helps faculty and students better integrate various disciplines and is more suitable in the modern curriculum. A similar approach was used in our fourth year course in medical histology.

Past and Current Learning and Teaching Resources and Platforms.

For over two centuries, the educational landscape both nationally and globally has changed tremendously. The more traditional teaching and learning resources and platforms, such as traditional textbooks, chalkboards and whiteboards, overhead transparency and carousel projectors, and traditional classroom settings, have been either replaced or supplemented in the anatomical sciences by integrated and virtual eBooks, online learning management (OLM) platforms, and virtual learning and meeting apps. Virtual teaching and learning, especially proliferated with the advent and aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, and institutions worldwide that had already been utilizing virtual class and lab sessions in their anatomy curricula expanded virtual course offerings. Many institutions have retained virtual course offerings even after the pandemic, given the distance learning benefits. The future of anatomy education holds many promising possibilities given the voracious speed with which technology is advancing. One such promising advancement is the full, seamless incorporation of virtual three-dimensional (3D) immersive and semi-immersive learning into anatomy laboratories and classroom settings globally as well as into students' laptops and handheld devices for easy use at home or anywhere.

Using Stereoscopic Virtual Presentation for Clinical Anatomy Instruction and Procedural Training in Medical Education.

This chapter begins by exploring the current landscape of virtual and augmented reality technologies in a post-pandemic world and asserting the importance of virtual technologies that improve students' learning outcomes while also reducing costs. Next, the chapter describes clinical anatomy instruction concepts in medical education, including applied anatomy content knowledge, pedagogical anatomy content knowledge, and virtual stereoscopic visualization studies that exemplify these concept areas, respectively. The chapter then explores the concept of procedural training with a specific emphasis on virtual stereoscopic anatomy visualization studies that exemplify or have implications for procedural training in medical education. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the benefits and challenges as well as the potential future positive and negative implications of virtual stereoscopic visualizations in medical education before finally concluding with some pensive considerations for the present and future of anatomy education and training using virtual technologies.

Creating Virtual Models and 3D Movies Using DemoMaker for Anatomical Education.

Three-dimensional (3D) anatomy models have been used for education in health professional schools globally. Virtual technology has become more popular for online teaching since the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter will describe a project in which a series of virtual anatomical models of organs and structures were developed for educational purposes, and it will describe in detail how to build three-dimensional (3D) movies using DemoMaker. Although setting up the 3D system was complicated and challenging, the process of reconstructing 3D models from radiographic images and the steps of creating animations and 3D movies are exponentially simpler. These efforts require minimal training, thus allowing most people to be able to engage in this modeling process and utilize the moviemaking steps. Amira® software and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) data were used to create 3D models of the lungs, heart, liver, stomach, kidney, etc. The anatomical locations of these structures within the body can be identified and visualized by recording information from multiple CTA slices using volume and surface segmentation. Ultimately, these virtual 3D models can be displayed via dual projectors onto a specialized silver screen and visualized stereoscopically by viewers as long as they wear 3D polarized glasses. Once these 3D movies are created, they can be played automatically on a computer screen, silver screen, 3D system playback screen, and video player, and they can be embedded into PowerPoint lecture slides. Both virtual models and movies are suitable for self-directed learning, face-to-face class teaching, and virtual anatomy education. Model animations and 3D movie displays offer students the opportunities to learn about anatomy and the anatomical positions of organs in the body and their 3D relationships to one another. By observing and studying these 3D models, students have the potential to be able to compartmentalize the anatomical information and retain it at a higher level than students learning corresponding anatomy without similar resources.

Selective Synthesis of N-[1,3,5]Triazinyl-α-Ketoamides and N-[1,3,5]Triazinyl-Amides from the Reactions of 2-Amine-[1,3,5]Triazines with Ketones.

In this study, we report a selective approach for synthesizing N-([1,3,5]triazine-2-yl) α-ketoamides and N-([1,3,5]triazine-2-yl) amides from ketones with 2-amino[1,3,5]triazines through oxidation and oxidative C-C bond cleavage reaction, respectively. The transformation proceeds under mild conditions, provides good functional group tolerance and chemoselectivity, and will serve as a valuable tool for the synthesis of bioactive products.

Role of 7-methylxanthine in myopia prevention and control: a mini-review.

Myopia is becoming increasingly common. By 2050 around 10% of the world's population is expected to be highly myopic (<-5 diopters) and therefore particularly at risk of suffering from sight-threatening complications. Currently used myopia control treatments, such as multifocal soft contact lenses or spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, and atropine eyedrops, either do not completely arrest myopia progression or are associated with significant ocular and possibly systemic side effects. A new candidate for pharmaceutical control of myopia progression and excessive eye elongation, the non-selective adenosine antagonist 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), appears to be non-toxic and effective in reducing myopia progression and axial eye growth in experimental and clinical studies. The latest findings regarding 7-MX for myopia control and evaluate its potential as a supplement to existing treatment options were reviewed.

A core syllabus for histology within the medical curriculum - The cardiovascular and lymphoid systems, the respiratory and digestive systems, and the integument.

Medical courses worldwide are undergoing significant curricular changes, including the teaching and learning of histology. In order to set international standards for the anatomical sciences, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) is developing core anatomical syllabuses by means of Delphi panels. Already published is a core syllabus for the teaching of the cell and the basic tissues within medicine. Here, we record the deliberations of an IFAA Delphi panel commissioned to develop core subject matter for the teaching within a medical histology course of the cardiovascular and lymphatic circulatory system, the lymphoid, respiratory, and digestive systems, and the integument. The Delphi panel was comprised of academics from multiple countries who were required to review relevant histological topics/items by evaluating each topic as being either "Essential," "Important," "Acceptable," or "Not required." Topics that were rated by over 60% of the panelists as being "Essential" are reported in this paper as being core topics for the teaching of medical histology. Also reported are topics that, while not reaching the threshold for being designated as core material, may be recommended or not required within the curriculum.

Lewis Acids Activated Spontaneous Alternating Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride and Styrene Derivatives.

Synthesis of maleic anhydride (MA) and styrene (St) copolymers possessing ultra-high molecular weight, strictly alternating regularity and high glass transition temperature simultaneously is still an issure with great challenge. Herein, the spontaneous alternating copolymerization of MA and St derivatives were investigated by using various Lewis acids. In the presence of alkyl aluminum or butyl magnesium, the MA-St alternating copolymers with ultra-high molecular weight (Mn ≤166.5×104 ) and high glass transition temperature (211 °C≤Tg ≤216 °C) were produced and the microstructure of MA-St copolymers were analyzed by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra. The copolymerizations of MA with St derivatives, including divinylbenzene, p-butenyl styrene, p-methoxystyrene, trans-anethole, p-fluorostyrene and p-chlorostyrene, also were explored by using AlOctyl3 as an activator in toluene at 50 °C.

One-year Efficacy of the Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segment Lens in Chinese Myopic Children.

SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate that defocus incorporated multiple segment (DIMS) lens reduces myopia progression in children during the first year of use. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of DIMS myopia control spectacle lens in Chinese myopic children aged 6 to 15 years. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 1-year longitudinal data. A total of 180 Chinese myopic children were selected from patients at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, from February 2018 to January 2021. One group consisted of 90 children aged 6 to 15 years, with spherical equivalent refraction -0.50 to -7.75 D (-3.82 ± 1.57 D) and fitted with the DIMS lens. The other group consisted of 90 children fitted with single-vision spectacle lenses and matched with the DIMS group for age, sex, refraction, and progression of myopia in the previous year. One-year myopia progression was measured retrospectively in two groups. Unpaired t test was used to compare the myopia progression between the DIMS group and the control group. Pearson correlation was used to explore the relationship between myopia progression, age, and baseline refraction. RESULTS: After 1 year of DIMS lens wear, myopia progression was significantly lower in the DIMS group (-0.51 ± 0.50 vs. -0.85 ± 0.51 D, P < .001). Myopia progression was positively correlated with age in both groups. The difference between the DIMS and control groups was more pronounced for children aged 10 to 15 years than for children aged 6 to 9 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the DIMS lens reduces myopia progression during the first year of use. Efficacy seems to increase with age.

Impact of pulmonary hypertension on arteriovenous fistula failure of hemodialysis patients: A 10 years follow-up cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) creation may involve in the pathogenesis of PH. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of PH after AVF creation on the AVF failure rate in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. METHODS: From January 1, 2009, to January 1, 2019, we retrospectively collected data of 578 MHD patients in Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Blood Purification Center, China. Patients were followed-up until AVF failure or death or May 25, 2020. According to the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) within 1 year after the establishment of AVF, the MHD patients were divided into three groups: SPAP ⩽ 35 mmHg, 35 < SPAP < 45 mmHg, SPAP ⩾ 45 mmHg. The primary outcome was AVF failure defined as AVF cannot complete hemodialysis. The secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 578 patients were analyzed. The average age was 60.66 ± 15.34 years (58.1% men). Of these, 26.1% of patients were reported PH. The SPAP exhibited a left-skewed nonparametric distribution and the overall SPAP after the creation of AVF was 39.00 (29.00-52.00) mmHg. The median follow-up was 5.8 (5.5-6.3) years. Overall, 12.8% (74/578) patients were reported AVF failure events. There was no significant difference in AVF failure rate among three groups (p = 0.070). A total of 111 (19.2%) died during the follow-up period. Compared with the SPAP ⩽35 mmHg group, only the all-cause death rate significantly increased in MHD patients with PH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The secondary pulmonary hypertension after AVF creation did not increase the risk of AVF failure in MHD patients, but significantly increased the risk of mortality for this portion of the patients. Future larger sample sizes, multi-center, and prospective trials are needed to make sure which type of access will benefit on their survival for MHD patients with SPAP ⩾35 mmHg.

Access to Disentangled Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene via a Binuclear Synergic Effect.

Disentangled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (dis-UHMWPE) has excellent processability but can be achieved under extreme conditions. Herein, we report ethylene polymerization with the binuclear half-sandwich scandium complexes C1-Sc2 and C2-Sc2 to afford UHMWPE. C1-Sc2 bearing a short linker shows higher activity and gives higher molecular weight PEs than C2-Sc2 containing a flexible spacer and the mononuclear Sc1 . Strikingly, all UHMWPEs isolated from C1-Sc2 under broad temperature range (25-120 °C) and wide ethylene pressures (2-13 bar) feature very low degree of entanglement as proved by rheological test, DSC annealing study and SEM. These dis-UHMWPEs are facilely mediated solid-state-process at 130 °C and their tensile strength and modulus reach up to 149.2 MPa and 1.5 GPa, respectively. DFT simulations reveal that the formation of dis-UHMWPE is attributed to the binuclear synergic effect and the agostic interaction between the active center and the growing chain.

Oral administration of caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine is associated with slowed myopia progression in Danish children.

PURPOSE: Myopia is associated with an increased risk of permanent vision loss. The caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), licensed in Denmark since 2009 as a treatment to reduce the rate of childhood myopia progression, is the only orally administered therapy available. The purpose of the current study was to assess the rate of myopia progression in children taking 7-MX. METHODS: Longitudinal cycloplegic refraction and axial length data for 711 myopic children from Denmark treated with varying doses of oral 7-MX (0-1200 mg per day) were analysed using linear mixed models. RESULTS: The median age at baseline was 11.1 years (range 7.0 -15.0 years). Children were followed for an average of 3.6 years (range 0.9-9.1 years) and the average myopia progression was 1.34 dioptres (D) (range -6.50 to +0.75 D). Treatment with 7-MX was associated with a reduced rate of myopia progression (p<0.001) and axial elongation (p<0.002). Modelling suggested that, on average, an 11-year-old child taking 1000 mg 7-MX daily would develop -1.43 D of myopia over the next 6 years, compared with -2.27 D if untreated. Axial length in this child would increase by 0.84 mm over 6 years when taking a daily dose of 1000 mg of 7-MX, compared with 1.01 mm if untreated. No adverse effects of 7-MX therapy were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Oral intake of 7-MX was associated with reduced myopia progression and reduced axial elongation in this sample of myopic children from Denmark. Randomised controlled trials are needed to determine whether the association is causal.

Variability of Accommodative Microfluctuations in Myopic and Emmetropic Juveniles during Sustained near Work.

Near work has been considered to be a potential risk factor for the onset of myopia, but with inadequate evidence. Chinese adolescents use digital devices for near work, such as study and entertainment purposes, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we investigated the influence of prolonged periods of near work on accommodative response, accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs), and pupil diameter between juvenile subjects of myopia and emmetropia. Sixty juveniles (30 myopes and 30 emmetropes) were recruited for the study. Participants were instructed to play a video game on a tablet PC at a distance of 33.3 cm for 40 min. Accommodative response and pupil diameter were measured with an open-field infrared refractometer in High-speed mode. Parameters of the subjects were measured once every 10 min, and analyzed by one-way repeated measure ANOVA for variation tendency. There were no significant differences between emmetropia and myopia groups with respect to age and sex (p > 0.05). The low-frequency component (LFC) of myopia gradually increased with time, reached a peak at 30 min, and then declined (p = 0.043). The high-frequency component (HFC) of myopia also reached a peak at 30 min (p = 0.036). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the LFC (p = 0.171) or HFC (p = 0.278) of the emmetropia group at each time point. There was no significant difference in the mean and standard deviation of the accommodative response and pupil diameter both in emmetropic and myopic juveniles. Compared with juvenile emmetropes, myopes exhibit an unstable tendency in their accommodation system for prolonged near work at a certain time point. Accommodative microfluctuations may be a sensitive, objective indicator of fatigue under sustained near work in juvenile myopes.

Direct arterial puncture for hemodialysis, a neglected but simple and valuable vascular access.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to present the prevalence and effects of direct arterial puncture (DAP) for hemodialysis patients, and to introduce optimal option for the vascular access (VA) in certain hemodialysis patients with poor condition of vascular or cardiac function in a compelling situation. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Demographic characteristics and laboratory data were extracted from the health care system. Relevant DAP information was collected by a questionnaire. Case-control matching was performed to compare the hemodialysis adequacy between DAP and other VAs. RESULTS: A total of 526 patients were selected for analysis by convenience sampling, of which 38 patients relied https://www.baidu.com/link?url=eaDh8Hn-yZGJyDB0_h4zBenKd7qY1yX-KNxO-qU49gktQOGTJJg3slTjIbG095st4hRfprQIHRjfhfeGOZyH73y8tvSUCwMmvWbUhyix2ZK on DAP for hemodialysis. The main reasons using DAP for hemodialysis included the cost of arteriovenous access creation or maintenance in 19(50%) patients and the poor condition of vascular or cardiac function in 14 (39.5%) patients. Some complications of DAP occurred, such as aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm in 16(42.1%) patients, infiltration in 12 (31.6%) patients. Differences in hemodialysis adequacy were not statistically significant between DAP and other types of VA. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, DAP can meet the need of prescription hemodialysis, yet it has several limitations. Although the patients in our study were long-term dependent on DAP for hemodialysis with various reasons, we do not recommend DAP as a long-term vascular access if better options are available. However, DAP should not be overlooked to be a supplemental VA for hemodialysis with adequate blood flow and availability for individuals with poor condition of vascular or cardiac function in a compelling situation.

A Facile Approach to Produce Star Polymers Based on Coordination Polymerization.

Many efforts have been devoted to preparing star polymers. Research into coordination polymerization, the most powerful stereoselective process to endow polymers with superb properties, lags far behind those achieved by radical polymerization and ionic polymerization. Herein, we propose a facile strategy to prepare star polymers with regular arms based on coordination polymerization via an insertion reaction between the carbon-heteroatom unsaturated bond and the metal-alkyl species. Terminating a living cis-1,4-selective isoprene polymerization by using isocyanate as cross-linker (CL), a star polyisoprene with low polydispersity was obtained in high yield (91.8 %). A kinetic study showed the star polymer was formed via a step-growth procedure. The types of CL and the ratio of [CL]0 : [Cat.]0 are key factors to determine the arm number and the yield of star polymer. Finally, synthetic IR rubber with a green strength up to 1.99 MPa superior to natural rubber (1.43 MPa) was prepared for the first time.

Hydroboration of CO2 catalyzed by heteroscorpionate zwitterionic zinc and magnesium hydride complexes.

The heteroscorpionate zinc hydride complex LZnH 2, (L = (MePz)2CP(Ph)2NPh, MePz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl), its formate complex 3, and magnesium hydride complex LMgH 5 with the same ligand were synthesized and detected for the catalytic hydroboration reaction of CO2. With BH3·SMe2 as the reductant, zinc-based hydride complex 2 and formate complex 3 show a similar capability of hydroboration of CO2, featuring excellent reactivity and selectivity. The conversion of BH3·SMe2 reached 84%, the highest TON of 252 compared to other zinc catalysts was achieved at room temperature and borate ester products at reduction levels of CH3OH were obtained. Magnesium-based hydride complex 5 showed inferior activity for the hydroboration reduction of CO2.